Fly ash is one of coal combustion’s byproducts. When combined with cement, fly ash creates a bond that makes concrete stronger, more water resistant, and more durable than Portland cement. Concrete with fly ash can be a cost effective substitute for Portland cement concrete. Fly ash does not require as much water as Portland cement therefore adding to total savings and efficiency. Fly ash may be used in large amounts in order to replace the use of Portland cement or simply be used as an admixture. Some builders in California are trying new mixes using almost 50% fly ash and 50% cement. Their experiments have been successful so far.

It is important to research the mineral components since they may vary between manufacturers.




Are rigid plastic foam forms that hold concrete in place and serve as thermal insulation for concrete walls. These may be either pre-formed interlocking blocks or separate panels connected through metal or plastic ties. Some types are made from closed-cell extruded polystyrene (XPS) or expanded polystyrene (EPS). Insulation values (R-Value) can vary depending on the thickness of the material.

R-Value can range from R-17 to R-26. ICF’s also provide a lower air filtration rates than typical wood frame construction, which contributes to overall energy efficiency.

Homes with ICF may cost two to six percent more than conventional wood-framed constructions. Material cost may range from $1.70-$3.60 per square foot excluding labor. ICF may provide additional benefits aside from increased energy efficiency. These may be: durability, noise reduction, increased building strength, and increased resistance to high winds. ICF’s have no operational costs. Structures that use ICF for every wall will experience a significant decrease in energy consumption.

This is a practical and efficient alternative for foundations in cold regions. Rather than pouring concrete below the frost line in cold weather, an FPSF has insulation placed strategically around the outside of the foundations to direct heat loss from the building toward the foundation. The layers of insulation keep frost from being driven deep into the ground where it could then crack the slab. It may be used in unheated and heated portions of a building.

The insulation used in FPSF is commonly rigid expanded or extruded polystyrene suitable for below grade application. The FPSF must be in compliance with ASTM C 578 Standard.

One of the main benefits from FPSF is the reduced amount of concrete used in the foundations. It allows foundation depth to be reduced from 48” to 16” inches in cold climate areas.